FeCoNiCr Powder
$0.00
FeCoNiCr Powder
| Product | FeCoCrNi Powder |
| CAS No. | 68916-91-6 |
| Appearance | White-Gray Powder |
| Purity | ≥99%, ≥99.9%, ≥95%(Other purities are also available) |
| APS | 1-5 µM, 10-53 µM (Can be customized), Ask for other available size range. |
| Ingredient | C42H62O16 |
| Density | 6.96-8.0g/cm3 |
| Molecular Weight | N/A |
| Product Codes | NCZ-DCY-223/25 |
FeCoNiCr Description:
FeCoNiCr Powder is one of the numerous advanced ceramic materials manufactured by Nanochemazone. Nanochemazone produces too many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information are available. Please request a quote above for more information on lead time and pricing
FeCoNiCr Powder Related Information :
Storage Conditions:
Airtight sealed, avoid light and keep dry at room temperature.
Please contact us for customization and price inquiry
Email: contact@nanochemazone.com
Note: We supply different size ranges of Nano and micron as per the client’s requirements and also accept customization in various parameters.
FeCoNiCr powder
FeCoNiCr powder refers to an alloy composed of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr). The combination of these elements brings forth a host of desirable characteristics, making it an ideal material for additive manufacturing processes. The powder is finely granulated and specifically formulated to enable efficient utilization in 3D printers, where it can be selectively deposited layer by layer to create intricate and complex structures.
Overview of FeCoNiCr Powder
FeCoNiCr belongs to a class of high performance alloys that exhibit good mechanical properties, microstructural stability and environmental resistance at elevated temperatures exceeding 750°C. Iron and cobalt provide strength. Nickel enhances ductility and toughness. Chromium provides oxidation and corrosion resistance.
Key characteristics of FeCoNiCr powder include:
Excellent high temperature strength and creep resistance
Good fatigue strength and toughness
High hardness, wear resistance, and abrasion resistance
Outstanding corrosion and oxidation resistance
Available in various particle size distributions and morphologies
FeCoNiCr powder is designed for protective coatings, thermal spray, welding, additive manufacturing and other high temperature applications requiring strength, hardness and environmental resistance.
Composition of FeCoNiCr Powder
FeCoNiCr powder has the following nominal composition:
| Element | Composition |
| Iron (Fe) | Balance |
| Cobalt (Co) | 35-50% |
| Nickel (Ni) | 10-30% |
| Chromium (Cr) | 8-12% |
| Carbon (C) | <0.5% |
| Silicon (Si) | <1.5% |
| Manganese (Mn) | <1% |
| Property | Value |
| Density | 7.5-8.2 g/cm3 |
| Melting Point | 1300-1400°C |
| Thermal Conductivity | 10-30 W/mK |
| Electrical Resistivity | 65-85 μΩ.cm |
| Young’s Modulus | 190-220 GPa |
| Poisson’s Ratio | 0.28-0.32 |
| Tensile Strength | 600-1100 MPa |
| Yield Strength | 450-800 MPa |
| Elongation | 15-30% |
| Hardness | 30-50 HRC |
The properties like high temperature strength, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance make it suitable for the most demanding applications.
Production Method for FeCoNiCr Powder
FeCoNiCr powder can be produced via:
Gas Atomization – High pressure inert gas used to atomize molten alloy resulting in fine spherical powder ideal for AM.
Water Atomization – High velocity water jet breaks up molten metal into fine irregular powder particles. Economical but higher oxygen pickup.
Mechanical Alloying – Ball milling of blended elemental powders followed by sintering and secondary atomization.
Gas atomization provides the best control over particle size, shape, purity and microstructure.
Applications of FeCoNiCr Powder
Typical applications of FeCoNiCr powder include:
Thermal Spray Coatings – HVOF or plasma spraying to deposit thick wear and corrosion resistant coatings on tools, molds, valves, bearings etc.
Additive Manufacturing – Selective laser melting to produce complex components for high temperature environments.
Welding Filler – Provides excellent elevated temperature strength, hardness and corrosion resistance in the weld zone.
Brazing Filler – Used to join components operating at very high temperatures requiring oxidation resistance.
Glass Processing – Powder metallurgy conveyor rolls with high temperature strength used in glass melting furnaces.
Specifications of FeCoNiCr Powder
FeCoNiCr powder is available under various size ranges, shapes, grades and purity levels:
Particle Size: From 15-45 μm for AM methods, up to 150 μm for thermal spray processes.
Morphology: Spherical, irregular and blended shapes. Spherical powder provides optimal flow and packing.
Purity: From commercial purity to ultra high purity grades based on stringent chemical analysis and application requirements.
Surface Area: Low surface area preferred to minimize oxidation during handling and storage.
Grades: Customized composition and powder metallurgy tailored for intended application and processing method.
Storage and Handling of FeCoNiCr Powder
Proper storage and handling procedures for FeCoNiCr powder include:
Store in sealed containers under inert gas to prevent oxidation
Avoid accumulation of fine powder to control explosion risks
Use appropriate PPE, ventilation, safety practices when handling
Prevent contact between powder and incompatible materials
Follow applicable safety guidelines from supplier SDS
Caution and protective measures are essential when handling this reactive alloy powder.
Inspection and Testing of FeCoNiCr Powder
Key quality control tests performed on FeCoNiCr powder:
Chemical analysis using OES or XRF to ensure composition is within specified limits
Particle size distribution using laser diffraction as per ASTM B822 standard
Morphology analysis through SEM imaging
Powder flow rate measurement as per ASTM B213 standard
Density determination by helium pycnometry
Impurity testing using ICP-MS
Microstructural characterization by XRD phase analysis
Thorough testing verifies powder quality and consistency for the intended high temperature application.
Comparison Between FeCoNiCr and 316L Stainless Steel Powders
FeCoNiCr and 316L stainless steel powders compared:
| Parameter | FeCoNiCr | 316L SS |
| Composition | Quaternary high-temp alloy | Fe-Cr-Ni stainless alloy |
| Cost | Higher | Lower |
| High temperature strength | Much better | Moderate |
| Corrosion resistance | Comparable | Better |
| Thermal conductivity | Higher | Lower |
| Workability | Moderate | Excellent |
| Applications | Thermal spray, AM | Automotive, construction |
FeCoNiCr offers far superior high temperature strength whereas 316L provides better fabrication characteristics and corrosion resistance at lower cost.
FeCoNiCr Powder FAQs
Q: How is FeCoNiCr powder produced?
A: FeCoNiCr powder is commercially produced using gas atomization, water atomization and mechanical alloying followed by sintering. Gas atomization offers the best powder characteristics.
Q: What are the main applications for FeCoNiCr powder?
A: Main applications include thermal spray coatings, additive manufacturing, brazing filler material, powder metallurgy hot work tooling, glass processing equipment where high temperature strength and resistance is required.
Q: What is the recommended particle size for thermal spraying?
A: For most thermal spray processes, a particle size range of 45-150 microns is preferred for FeCoNiCr powder to maximize deposition efficiency and coating properties.
Q: Does FeCoNiCr powder require any special handling precautions?
A: Yes, proper protective measures are essential when handling this reactive fine alloy powder including inert atmosphere, grounding, ventilation, PPE.
Q: Where can I purchase FeCoNiCr powder suitable for additive manufacturing?
A: For AM applications requiring high temperature strength, fine FeCoNiCr powder can be purchased from leading manufacturer.
Description
Description
Note: For pricing & ordering information, please get in touch with us at sales@nanochemazone.com
Please contact us for quotes on Larger Quantities and customization. E-mail: contact@nanochemazone.com
Customization:
If you are planning to order large quantities for your industrial and academic needs, please note that customization of parameters (such as size, length, purity, functionalities, etc.) is available upon request.
NOTE:
Images, pictures, colors, particle sizes, purity, packing, descriptions, and specifications for the real and actual goods may differ. These are only used on the website for the purposes of reference, advertising, and portrayal. Please contact us via email at sales@nanochemazone.com or by phone at (+1 780 612 4177) if you have any questions.
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| CAS No. | 7429-90-5 |
| Appearance | Silvery or Metallic Powder |
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| Aluminum (Al) | 90.7-94.7% |
| Copper (Cu) | 3.8-4.9% |
| Magnesium (Mg) | 1.2-1.8% |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.3-0.9% |
| Iron (Fe) | 0-0.5% |
| Silicon (Si) | 0-0.5% |
| Zinc (Zn) | 0-0.25% |
| Chromium (Cr) | 0-0.1% |
| Titanium (Ti) | 0-0.15% |
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| Melting Point | 500-638°C |
| Thermal Conductivity | 121-190 W/mK |
| Electrical Conductivity | 26-35% IACS |
| Young’s Modulus | 73 GPa |
| Poisson’s Ratio | 0.33 |
| Tensile Strength | 400-500 MPa |
| Yield Strength | 290-385 MPa |
| Elongation | 8-20% |
| Hardness | 90-150 Vickers |
| Parameter | Al 2024 | Al 7075 |
| Alloy type | Heat treatable | Heat treatable |
| Cu content | 3.8-4.9% | 1.2-2% |
| Zn content | 0-0.25% | 5.1-6.1% |
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| Weldability | Fair | Poor |
| Cost | Lower | Higher |
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| CAS No. | 7429-90-5 |
| Appearance | Gray Metallic Powder |
| Purity | ≥99%, ≥99.9%, ≥95%(Other purities are also available) |
| APS | 1-5 µM, 10-53 µM (Can be customized), Ask for other available size range. |
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| Aluminum (Al) | Balance |
| Manganese (Mn) | 1.0-1.5% |
| Iron (Fe) | 0.7% max |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.6% max |
| Copper (Cu) | 0.05-0.20% |
| Zinc (Zn) | 0.10% max |
| Magnesium (Mg) | 0.10% max |
| Chromium (Cr) | 0.10% max |
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| Density | 2.73 g/cm3 |
| Melting Point | 645-650°C |
| Thermal Conductivity | 180 W/mK |
| Electrical Conductivity | 43-44% IACS |
| Young’s Modulus | 68-72 GPa |
| Poisson’s Ratio | 0.33 |
| Tensile Strength | 145-185 MPa |
| Yield Strength | 110-140 MPa |
| Elongation | 12-20% |
| Hardness | 35-55 Brinell |
| Parameter | Al 3003 | Al 6061 |
| Alloy type | Non-heat treatable | Heat treatable |
| Mn content | 1.0-1.5% | 0.15% max |
| Mg content | 0.1% max | 0.8-1.2% |
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| Corrosion resistance | Good | Excellent |
| Weldability | Excellent | Good |
| Cost | Lower | Higher |
| Applications | Chemical tanks, utensils | Aerospace, automotive parts |
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| CAS No. | 7429-90-5 |
| Appearance | Silvery-Gray Metallic Powder |
| Purity | ≥99%, ≥99.9%, ≥95%(Other purities are also available) |
| APS | 1-5 µM, 10-53 µM (Can be customized), Ask for other available size range. |
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| Molecular Weight | 27g/mol |
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| Silicon (Si) | 0.3% max |
| Iron (Fe) | 0.7% max |
| Copper (Cu) | 0.25% max |
| Magnesium (Mg) | 0.25% max |
| Zinc (Zn) | 0.20% max |
| Chromium (Cr) | 0.05-0.20% |
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| Melting Point | 634-643°C |
| Thermal Conductivity | 134 W/mK |
| Electrical Conductivity | 38-42% IACS |
| Young’s Modulus | 70 GPa |
| Poisson’s Ratio | 0.33 |
| Tensile Strength | 150-195 MPa |
| Yield Strength | 95-120 MPa |
| Elongation | 20-30% |
| Hardness | 45-65 Brinell |
| Parameter | Al 3104 | Al 3003 |
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Al 7075 Powder
Al 7075 Powder
| Product | Al 7075 Powder |
| CAS No. | 7429-90-5 |
| Appearance | Gray Metallic Powder |
| Purity | ≥99%, ≥99.9%, ≥95%(Other purities are also available) |
| APS | 1-5 µM, 10-53 µM (Can be customized), Ask for other available size range. |
| Ingredient | Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu |
| Density | 2.81g/cm3 |
| Molecular Weight | 270g/mol |
| Product Codes | NCZ-DCY-179/25 |
Al 7075 Description:
Al 7075 Powder is one of the numerous advanced ceramic materials manufactured by Nanochemazone. Nanochemazone produces too many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information are available. Please request a quote above for more information on lead time and pricingAl 7075 Powder Related Information :
Storage Conditions: Airtight sealed, avoid light and keep dry at room temperature. Please contact us for customization and price inquiry Email: contact@nanochemazone.com Note: We supply different size ranges of Nano and micron as per the client’s requirements and also accept customization in various parameters. Al 7075 powder Al 7075 powder is a high-strength aluminum alloy composed primarily of aluminum, zinc, copper, and small amounts of magnesium and chromium. It is renowned for its impressive mechanical properties, making it an ideal choice for applications that require strength, durability, and lightweight characteristics. Al 7075 powder is typically produced through a process called atomization, where molten aluminum is sprayed and solidified into fine powder particles. Overview of Al 7075 Powder Al 7075 is one of the highest strength 7000 series aluminum alloys, offering strength superior to many steels. Zinc is the main alloying addition while magnesium imparts strength through precipitation hardening. Key properties of Al 7075 powder include: Exceptionally high tensile and yield strength High hardness and good fatigue strength Good toughness and moderate ductility Excellent finishing characteristics High corrosion resistance Available in range of powder sizes and shapes Al 7075 powder is ideal for high-performance aerospace and defense components needing the optimal combination of strength, hardness, fatigue resistance, and moderate weldability. Chemical Composition of Al 7075 Powder| Element | Weight % |
| Aluminum (Al) | 87.1-91.4% |
| Zinc (Zn) | 5.1-6.1% |
| Magnesium (Mg) | 2.1-2.9% |
| Copper (Cu) | 1.2-2.0% |
| Iron (Fe) | 0-0.5% |
| Silicon (Si) | 0-0.4% |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0-0.3% |
| Chromium (Cr) | 0.18-0.28% |
| Titanium (Ti) | 0-0.2% |
| Property | Value |
| Density | 2.81 g/cm3 |
| Melting Point | 477–635°C |
| Thermal Conductivity | 130–210 W/mK |
| Electrical Conductivity | 22-30% IACS |
| Young’s Modulus | 71–72 GPa |
| Poisson’s Ratio | 0.33 |
| Tensile Strength | 570–635 MPa |
| Yield Strength | 505–570 MPa |
| Elongation | 7–10% |
| Hardness | 150–190 Brinell |
| Parameter | Al 7075 | Al 6061 |
| Alloy type | Heat treatable | Heat treatable |
| Zn content | 5.1-6.1% | 0% |
| Mg content | 2.1-2.9% | 0.8-1.2% |
| Strength | Much higher | Moderate |
| Machinability | Poor | Excellent |
| Weldability | Poor | Very good |
| Corrosion resistance | Moderate | Excellent |
| Cost | Higher | Lower |
AlSi12 Powder
AlSi12 Powder
| Product | AlSi12 Powder |
| CAS No. | 11145-27-0 |
| Appearance | Silvery-Gray Powder |
| Purity | ≥99%, ≥99.9%, ≥95%(Other purities are also available) |
| APS | 1-5 µM, 10-53 µM (Can be customized), Ask for other available size range. |
| Ingredient | Al88Si12 |
| Density | 2.7g/cm3 |
| Molecular Weight | N/A |
| Product Codes | NCZ-DCY-193/25 |
AlSi12 Description:
AlSi12 Powder is one of the numerous advanced ceramic materials manufactured by Nanochemazone. Nanochemazone produces too many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information are available. Please request a quote above for more information on lead time and pricingAlSi12 Powder Related Information :
Storage Conditions: Airtight sealed, avoid light and keep dry at room temperature. Please contact us for customization and price inquiry Email: contact@nanochemazone.com Note: We supply different size ranges of Nano and micron as per the client’s requirements and also accept customization in various parameters. AlSi12 Powder AlSi12 powder is a fine-grained aluminum-silicon alloy powder commonly used in additive manufacturing processes. It is produced by atomization, which involves melting the alloy and rapidly cooling it to form small powder particles. The resulting powder exhibits excellent flowability and can be easily processed using various additive manufacturing techniques such as selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) Overview of AlSi12 Powder AlSi12 or A413 is an aluminum casting alloy with relatively high silicon content. The addition of 12% silicon results in good wear resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and high thermal conductivity. Key properties of AlSi12 powder include: Good strength and hardness Excellent wear resistance Good dimensional stability High thermal conductivity Good machinability and polishability Low specific gravity Available in various particle size distributions AlSi12 is used for producing cylinder liners, piston rings, rocker arms, connecting rods, parts requiring heat and wear resistance. The powder metallurgy approach enables complex geometries. Composition of AlSi12 Powder The typical composition of AlSi12 powder is:| Element | Weight % |
| Aluminum (Al) | Balance |
| Silicon (Si) | 11-13% |
| Copper (Cu) | <1% |
| Magnesium (Mg) | <1% |
| Iron (Fe) | <1% |
| Manganese (Mn) | <1% |
| Zinc (Zn) | <1% |
| Nickel (Ni) | <0.5% |
| Property | Value |
| Density | 2.7 g/cc |
| Melting Point | 560°C |
| Thermal Conductivity | 150-180 W/mK |
| Electrical Resistivity | 4-6 μΩ.cm |
| Young’s Modulus | 80-90 GPa |
| Poisson’s Ratio | 0.33 |
| Tensile Strength | 240-300 MPa |
| Compressive Strength | 600-650 MPa |
| Elongation | 3-5% |
| Hardness | 80-90 Brinell |
| Parameter | AlSi12 Powder | AlSi10Mg Powder |
| Alloy type | Cast alloy | Wrought alloy |
| Si content | 11-13% | 9-11% |
| Mg content | <1% | 0.2-0.5% |
| Strength | Higher | Lower |
| Wear resistance | Excellent | Good |
| Corrosion resistance | Moderate | Excellent |
| Machineability | Very good | Moderate |
| Applications | Wear parts, thermal management | Aerospace, marine parts |
| Cost | Lower | Higher |
AlSi50 Powder
AlSi50 Powder
| Product | AlSi50 Powder |
| CAS No. | 11145-27-0 |
| Appearance | Gray Metallic Powder |
| Purity | ≥99%, ≥99.9%, ≥95%(Other purities are also available) |
| APS | 1-5 µM, 10-53 µM (Can be customized), Ask for other available size range. |
| Ingredient | AlSi |
| Density | 2.5-2-7g/cm3 |
| Molecular Weight | N/A |
| Product Codes | NCZ-DCY-194/25 |
AlSi50 Description:
AlSi50 Powder is one of the numerous advanced ceramic materials manufactured by Nanochemazone. Nanochemazone produces too many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information are available. Please request a quote above for more information on lead time and pricingAlSi50 Powder Related Information :
Storage Conditions: Airtight sealed, avoid light and keep dry at room temperature. Please contact us for customization and price inquiry Email: contact@nanochemazone.com Note: We supply different size ranges of Nano and micron as per the client’s requirements and also accept customization in various parameters. AlSi50 Powder AlSi50 is an aluminum-silicon alloy powder containing 50% silicon and remainder aluminum. It offers an exceptional combination of properties like low density, high fluidity, low thermal expansion, high specific strength, and corrosion resistance. AlSi50 is an aluminum-silicon alloy powder containing 50% silicon and remainder aluminum. It offers an exceptional combination of properties like low density, high fluidity, low thermal expansion, high specific strength, and corrosion resistance. AlSi50 Powder Composition The typical composition of AlSi50 alloy powder is:| Element | Composition |
| Aluminum (Al) | Balance |
| Silicon (Si) | 48-52% |
| Property | Value |
| Density | 2.55 g/cm3 |
| Melting Point | 577°C |
| Ultimate Tensile Strength | 200-300 MPa |
| Elongation | <1% |
| Hardness | 100-120 HB |
| Thermal Conductivity | 50-90 W/m-K |
| CTE | 12-15 x 10<sup>-6</sup>/°C |
| Young’s Modulus | 80-90 GPa |
| Corrosion Resistance | Excellent |
| Applications | Benefits |
| Automotive components | Low density and excellent castability. |
| Aerospace parts | High specific strength, stable dimensions. |
| Electronic substrates | Thermal management, CTE match with ceramics. |
| Mirror blanks | Low density, machinability, stability. |
| Medical implants | Biocompatible, non-toxic, corrosion resistant. |
| Parameter | Options |
| Particle size | 10 – 150 microns |
| Particle shape | Irregular, spherical |
| Apparent density | Up to 2.7 g/cm3 |
| Flow rate | Up to 25 s/50g |
| Purity | Up to 99.7% |
| Alloy variants | AlSi40, AlSi30 |
| Method | Details |
| Additive manufacturing | Excellent geometric freedom for complex shapes. |
| Metal injection molding | High precision net shape capability. |
| Press and sinter | Economical for higher volume simpler shapes. |
| Casting | Leverages excellent fluidity and mold filling behavior. |
| Extrusion | For profiles, rods and tubes. |
| Heat Treatment | Details | Purpose |
| Solution heat treatment | 500-550°C, quench | Dissolve soluble phases |
| Artificial aging | 150-180°C, 5-10 hrs | Precipitation hardening |
| Stress relieving | 250°C, 2 hrs | Remove residual stresses |
| Alloy | AlSi50 | AlSi40 | AlSi30 |
| Fluidity | Highest | High | Medium |
| Castability | Excellent | Very Good | Good |
| Hardness | High | Medium | Low |
| Strength | High | Medium | Low |
| Thermal Conductivity | Medium | High | Highest |
| CTE | Low | Medium | High |
| Cost | High | Medium | Low |
| Hazard | Precautions | PPE |
| Skin/eye contact | Avoid direct contact. Rinse if exposed. | Gloves, goggles |
| Inhalation | Avoid breathing dust. Ensure ventilation. | Respirator |
| Ingestion | Avoid hand-mouth transfer. Wash hands. | – |
| Fire | Use sand. Do not use water. | Protective gear |
| Parameter | Method | Specification |
| Chemical composition | OES, XRF, wet chemistry | Conformance to Al and Si content |
| Particle size distribution | Laser diffraction, sieving | D10, D50, D90 within range |
| Powder morphology | SEM imaging | Shape and flow characteristics |
| Apparent density | Hall flowmeter test | Minimum specified density |
| Flow rate | Hall flowmeter test | Maximum seconds for 50g flow |
| Impurity levels | ICP or LECO analysis | Low oxygen, moisture content |
- What is AlSi50 used for?
- AlSi50 is ideal for applications like automotive components, aerospace parts, and electronic substrates where low mass, dimensional stability, and high fluidity are critical.
- Does AlSi50 require heat treatment?
- Optional heat treatment including solutionizing and aging can be done to enhance strength by precipitating silicon particles in the microstructure.
- What methods can consolidate AlSi50 powder?
- AlSi50 powder can be consolidated to full density using metal injection molding, casting, additive manufacturing via SLM/EBM, extrusion, and sintering.
- Is AlSi50 readily weldable?
- AlSi50 has relatively poor weldability owing to high silicon content. Special filler material and techniques are required for welding this alloy.
- Is AlSi50 powder safe to handle?
- Like any fine metal powder, standard safety precautions must be taken when handling AlSi50 powder to minimize health and safety risks.
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